Pain duration (mean ± SD): 14.7 ± 11.1 years Inclusion criteria: 1) clinical diagnosis of chronic LBP lasting > 6 months 2) aged 40 to 75 3) average pain intensity of 40 or more (VAS, 0 to 100) in 7 days before acupuncture 4) had taken only oral nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for pain in the 4 weeks before the treatmentĮxclusion criteria: 1) protrusion or prolapse of one or more intervertebral discs with concurrent neurological symptoms 2) radicular pain prior vertebral column surgery infectious spondylopathy LBP caused by inflammatory, malignant, or autoimmune disease 3) congenital deformation of the spine (except for slight lordosis or scoliosis) 4) compression fracture caused by osteoporosis, spinal stenosis, spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis 5) patients with Chinese medicine diagnoses warranting treatment with moxibustion (determined by trial physicians) 6) any acupuncture treatment during the previous 12 months
Setting: hospital outpatient units in Germany Participant recruitment: advertisement on local newspapers and by trial centers
Statistical analysis: Intention‐to‐treat analysis (ITT) analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) power analysisįunding source: German social health insurance fundsĮthical approval and informed consent obtained
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